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main.ts asserted the recipient non-null twice — extractAgePublicKey(...)! — and the type already said null was possible. With no age.key the vault encrypted to the string "null": execa stringifies it, age exits 1, and on the generate path that happens *after* ssh-keygen has written a plaintext private key into tmpDir, so the user is told the operation failed and left with a key on disk. Now the recipient is resolved once, remembered on success, and a null prints the remedy (age-keygen -o <path>) and returns to the menu. list, copy and decrypt still work without one. extractAgePublicKey now derives the public key with `age-keygen -y` instead of scraping the `# public key:` comment. The comment is ordinary text nothing re-checks; verified that rewriting it does not change what -y reports, so a stale or forged comment silently encrypted the vault to a recipient nobody holds the private half of. The comment survives as a fallback for a machine with no age-keygen, behind a warning that it is unverified — but not when age-keygen runs and refuses the file. That means age cannot read the identity, and trusting the comment there would encrypt to a recipient the vault could never decrypt with. runTool throws ToolNotFoundError for ENOENT so the two cases can be told apart. Its own tests move to tool.test.ts, which keeps real processes; utils.test.ts mocks execa, since the gate cannot require age installed. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>